Polylactide (PLA) the most promising one of Biopolymers these are a type of plastics which is being manufactured from petrochemicals, generated from sustainable feed stocks such as sugar, starch or Cellulose. Till date, the use of biopolymers, includes the first generation PLA, has been limited by their Physical properties and relatively high cost to manufacture. Next generation biopolymers, are the Plastics component fabrication, Polysaccharides second generation PLA, are to be cheaper and to improve their performance and a wide variety of application to capture an increasing share of the various markets for Biopolymers. Innovations has already achieved significant success with its early investments its $1.5m investment in obesity drug developer return up to $22m, following its sale for $100m in 2013, while the sale of a small molecule drug discovery company, resulted in Innovations realizing $9.5m, a 4.7 return on investment. In year 2015, Innovations invested $14.0m in 20 ventures, helping to launch three new companies.

Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, or microbiota. Bioplastic can be made from agricultural by-products and also from used plastic bottles and other containers using microorganisms. Common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics  are derived from petroleum or natural gas. Production of such plastics tends to require more fossil fuels and to produce more greenhouse gases than the production of biobased polymers (bioplastics). Some, but not all, bioplastics are designed to biodegrade. Biodegradable bioplastics can break down in either anaerobic or aerobic environments, depending on how they are manufactured. Bioplastics can be composed of starches, cellulose, biopolymers, and a variety of other materials.

Ocean plastic research is a relatively new field, the billions upon billions of items of plastic waste choking our oceans, lakes, and rivers and piling up on land is more than unsightly and harmful to plants and wildlife. About 8 million metric tons of plastic are thrown into the ocean annually. Of those, 236,000 tons are micro plastics– tiny pieces of broken-down plastic smaller than our little fingernail. There is more plastic than natural prey at the sea surface of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which means that organisms feeding at this area are likely to have plastic as a major component of their diets. For instance, sea turtles by-caught in fisheries operating within and around the patch can have up to 74% (by dry weight) of their diets composed of ocean plastics. By 2050 there will be more plastic in the oceans than there are fish (by weight).

Natural polymers include the RNA and DNA that are so important in genes and life processes. In fact, messenger RNA is what makes possible proteins, peptides, and enzymes. Enzymes help do the chemistry inside living organisms and peptides make up some of the more interesting structural components of skin, hair, and even the horns of rhinos. Other natural polymers include polysaccharides (sugar polymers), Cellulose, starch, lignin, chitin and polypeptides like silk, keratin, and hair. Natural rubber is, naturally a natural polymer also, made from just carbon and hydrogen. These materials and their derivatives offer a wide range of properties and applications. Natural polymers tend to be readily biodegradable, although the rate of degradation is generally inversely proportional to the extent of chemical modification. US companies demand for natural polymers is forecast to expand 6.9 % annually to $4.6 billion in 2016. Cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose, will remain the largest product segment. This study analyses the $3.3 billion US natural biopolymer industries. It presents historical demand data for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011, and forecasts for 2016 and 2021 by market.

Whole green composites are the composite materials that are made from both renewable resource based polymer (biopolymer) and bio-filler. Whole green composites are recyclable, renewable, triggered biodegradable and could reduce the dependency on the fossil fuel to a great extent when used in interior applications. Whole green composites could have major applications in automotive interiors, interior building applications and major packaging areas. Despite the large number of recent reviews on green composites defined as biopolymers or bio-derived polymers reinforced with natural fibers for bioprocessing of materials, limited investigation has taken place into the most appropriate applications for these materials. Global composite materials industry reached $19.6B in 2011, marking an annual increase of 8.2% from 2010 and driven by recovering of majority of markets. Market value of end use products made with composites was $55.6B in 2011. North American composites industry accelerated by 9 % in 2014, Europe increased by 8%while Asia grew by 7% in 2015. By 2017, composite materials industry is expected to reach $ 29.9B (7% CAGR) while end products made with composite materials market value is expected to reach $85B  Global Automotive composite materials market was estimated to be around $ 2.8 B in 2015, and forecast to reach $ 4.3 B by 2017 @ CAGR of approx. 7%.

In modern times, a new class of biocompatible polymers and therapeutic polymeric systems and materials are being researched and have shown good amount of attraction for areas in polymer science. Attention towards polymeric compounds that can be bioassimilated is increased, primarily in the field of time-limited therapeutic applications. Among all the new candidates for materials that can be used to implant within the body, only a handful exhibit all the necessary properties required for safe functioning within the human body. Many researchers are turning towards synthesizing novel artificial polymeric materials  or biopolymers, i.e. polymers of non-natural origin that are composed of pro-metabolite building blocks which can be utilized as components of biomedical or pharmacological therapeutic systems.

Polymer Nano composites (PNC) are made of a polymers or copolymers having nanoparticles or Nano fillers dispersed in the polymer matrix. The plastic used for food packaging and non-food applications is non-biodegradable, and also of valuable and scarce non-renewable resources like petroleum. With the current research on exploring the alternatives to petrol and priority on reduced environmental impact, research is increased in development of biodegradable packaging from biopolymer-based materials. A biomaterial is a surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. These biomaterials are about fifty years old. The study of such materials is called biomaterials science. It has been seen a strong growth over its past period, were many companies have been investing large amounts in the development of new products. Biomaterials science is the elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science. The Biomaterial market over the forecast period of 2016-2021 market for biomaterials is likely to predict to USD 70.90 Billion in 2012 and is steady to grow at a CAGR of 16.0% from 2016 to 2021 to reach USD 149.17 Billion by 2021.

Tissue engineering is the immense area of research in recent years because of its vast potential in the repair or replacement of impaired tissues and organs. The present research will focus on scaffolds as they are one of the three most important factors, including seed cells, growth hormones and scaffolds in tissue engineering. Among the polymers used in tissue engineering, polyhydroxy esters (such as PLA, PGA, and PLGA) have extensive attention for a variety of biomedical applications. Besides, PCL has been widely used as a tissue engineering scaffold. Scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering such as bone, cartilage, ligament, skin, vascular tissues, neural tissues, and skeletal muscle and as vehicle for the delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. The worldwide market for tissue engineering and regeneration products is expected to reach USD 11.5 billion by 2022.

Cellulose the most generous natural biopolymer on the earth, synthesized by plants, algae and also some species of bacteria and microorganisms. The Plant derivative cellulose and Black Carbon (BC) have the same chemical composition but differ in structure and physical properties. The BC network structure comprises cellulose Nano fibrils 3-8 nm in diameter, and the crystalline regions are been the normal cellulose I. The properties such as the Nano metric structure, unique physical and mechanical properties together produce higher purity that lead to great number of commercial products. Lignocellulosic agricultural byproducts are an extensive and cheap source for cellulose fibers. Agro-based Biofibers have the architecture, properties and design that make them suitable for use as composite, textile, pulp and paper manufacture. In addition, Biofibers can be used to produce biofuel, chemicals, enzymes and food. The global bio-fiber composites market reached $ 3.8 billion in 2016, with CAGR of 10% in last three years. Among them, the automotive and construction industry were the greater application segments. By 2023, this natural fiber composite market is expected to reach $7.6 billion (7.9% CAGR).

Biodegradable polymers are a specific type of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose to result in natural by-products such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Their properties and breakdown mechanism are determined by their exact structure. These polymers are often synthesized by condensation reactions, ring opening polymerization, and metal catalysts. There are vast examples and applications of biodegradable polymers.

Polymer processing is the technique of converting raw polymeric materials into completed products having desirable shape, microstructures and properties. The raw form of polymers is available initially as pellets which are heated to its glass transition temperature to form into a viscous fluid. The fluid is then subjected to moulding and rapid solidification by cooling which results in the development of the required shape and microstructures. This method has been a standard since for thermoplastic processing since the 1960s. Thermosetting plastics utilize a similar processing method but with additives and cross-linking agents. The crosslinking formed after cooling are and irreversible and re-heating will not be effective in liquefying the polymers.

Polymers modeling process has become prominent since the last decade, especially for processing soft materials. New sampling methods are developed to increase the exploration of configuration space, which has been still continues to be of paramount importance in the determining the properties of polymeric materials. The time duration and scaling issues are being addressed with new coarse-grained methods, while more traditional methods are being applied in increasing chemical complexity and reality.

Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers. For utility, it can be classified into four main categories: thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and synthetic fibers. These polymers are commonly found in a variety of consumer products such as money, glue, etc.

In the field of Polymer science and nanotechnology, Nano polymers and nanoclays have gained massive interests from researchers and in recent literatures. Nanotechnology is included in the most popular areas for today’s research and development and basically in all areas of technical disciplines. This also includes polymer science, which includes an wide range of sub-fields. Nanopolymers are used in microelectronics and the micro-devices are now below 100 nm. Both Nanopolymers and Polymer based Biomaterials are used for drug delivery, miniemulsion particles, fuel cell electrode polymer bound catalysts, polymer films, inprint lithography, electrospun nanofibers and polymer blends. Nanopolymers include various physical properties that are applied in composite reinforcement for imparting abilities to the composite such as barrier strength, electro-optical properties, flame resistance. Recent enthusiasm in polymer matrix based nanocomposites was emerged initially with interesting observations involving exfoliated clay and more recent studies with carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, exfoliated graphite (graphene), nanocrystalline metals and a host of additional nanoscale inorganic filler or fiber modifications.

Biobased polymers lead not only on the raw materials side but also on the other side through certain promising end-of-life (EOL) options. Exclusively waste disposal with energy recovery has an added advantage, which lies in benefiting carbon neutral energy while allowing multiple uses of possible recycling. The recent commission after research said that all of the composts contain biodegradable polymers materials could be classified using a risk assessment system at a higher toxicity position. Biodegradable polymers waste can serve for aerobic degradation, composting, or anaerobic digestion. When biopolymers are propagated or digested, their individual elements are recycled naturally in particular in their carbon and hydrogen content. The greater segment of the market, packaging, is expected to reach nearly $980 billion in 2022. The second-largest market segment, made up of fibers/fabrics is expected to increase in volume from an estimated 435 million pounds in 2016 to USD 93.27 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 12.1%.

Bio related products can restore petroleum-related products, new methodologies, where various types of lignocellulosic biomass experience bioprocessing to commercially important products, must be devised. A relatively low value lignocellulosic biomass that could be used to produce bio based co-products is grass. Currently, many grasses are largely took the advantage for cropping by livestock or harvested as hay. To exploit this opportunity, the feasibility of using microbial bioconversion for the production of chemicals and polysaccharide gums from the fermentable sugars present in hydrolysates of various grass species. The production of 2.5 g/l was obtained when the cells were grown on medium containing 70 mM sucrose and 0.2% (w/v) Casamino Acids. It enriched medium is maximum biopolymers production of up to 3.4 g/laws was obtained.

Futures of Biopolymers demand the manufacturer for new materials is overwhelming. However the cost-effectiveness of the materials must progress as they are contributed specifically for sustainable development. Applications by the use of new materials should utilize the properties of these polymers, and the products should be developed based on those properties. They are onset to arrive as a result to be more responsible in taking care of the world we live in. Thus, the recent development for the bio-based products rather than petroleum or natural gas based products. The use of biopolymers could markedly increase as more reliable form for the development and the cost to manufacture these bioplastics continues to go fall. Bioplastics can be replaced with conventional plastics in the field of application which can be used in various categories such as food packaging, plastic plates, cups, cutlery, plastic storage bags, storage containers or other plastic or composite materials items you are buying and therefore can help in making environment sustainable. Bio-based polymers are adjacent to the conventional polymers than ever before. Now a day, biobased polymers are commonly found in various applications from commodity to hi-tech applications due to advance research development in biotechnology and public awareness.

Polymer physics deals with the structure and properties of polymers and also the reaction kinetics of polymerization of monomers and degradation of polymers that are in the form of solids, glasses, elastomers, gels, solutions, melt and semi-crystalline. These properties are of great interests in polymer technologies such as optoelectronics, coatings, medicine, food and pharmacy. Polymer chemistry is a vast field that involves the study of monomers and polymerization and the synthesis of new materials from various combinations and characteristics. The composition of monomers and the applied chemical and processing techniques can largely affect the properties the polymer will possess at the end of the production.

The Bioeconomy is the production of renewable biological resource and the conversion of these resources and waste into value products, like food, bio-based products, feed and bioenergy. These sectors have a strong potential for innovation due to their wide range of sciences that allows for industrial technologies. The shift to a feasible bio-based economy implies that the historically developed structures and the traditional way of life need to be completely reconsidered. Therefore, it is critical to bring into line researches into a broad basis to the solution of the budding societal challenges and to progressively integrate social and economic sciences, as well as cultural and humanities disciplines. The communal transition towards a bioeconomy raises questions around the ethical fundamentals as of the political and institutional framework conditions, in short, the regulating resources of such a comprehensive change.